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The Complexities of the Human Immune System: Unveiling the Intricacies of Immune Response

Li Chen

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) can be categorized into two groups based on where they came from: the exosome and the ectosome When multivesicular bodies (MVBs) mature, the inward budding of the endosomal membrane results in the formation of exosomes, which are intraluminal vesicles (ILVs). MVBs meld with the plasma layer to deliver ILVs as exosomes or combine with lysosomes or autophagosomes for corruption [4]. Endosome-sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT)-dependent or -independent pathways lead to the formation of exosomes. Four complexes (ESCRT-0, ESCRT-I, ESCRT-II, and ESCRT-III) and a few accessory proteins (ALIX and VPS32) make up the ESCRT system. The exosome content is sorted independently of ESCRT by the ceramide and tetraspanin families. EVs additionally structure through the arrival of ectosomes from the outward growing and parting of the plasma film.