எங்கள் குழு ஒவ்வொரு ஆண்டும் அமெரிக்கா, ஐரோப்பா மற்றும் ஆசியா முழுவதும் 1000 அறிவியல் சங்கங்களின் ஆதரவுடன் 3000+ உலகளாவிய மாநாட்டுத் தொடர் நிகழ்வுகளை ஏற்பாடு செய்து 700+ திறந்த அணுகல் இதழ்களை வெளியிடுகிறது, இதில் 50000 க்கும் மேற்பட்ட தலைசிறந்த ஆளுமைகள், புகழ்பெற்ற விஞ்ஞானிகள் ஆசிரியர் குழு உறுப்பினர்களாக உள்ளனர்.
அதிக வாசகர்கள் மற்றும் மேற்கோள்களைப் பெறும் திறந்த அணுகல் இதழ்கள்
700 இதழ்கள் மற்றும் 15,000,000 வாசகர்கள் ஒவ்வொரு பத்திரிகையும் 25,000+ வாசகர்களைப் பெறுகிறது
Mohammed Ali
Immunotherapy for Head and Neck Cancer
Background: Head and neck cancers (HNC) are malignant tumours that originate from the anatomical structures within the region such as oral cavity, oropharynx, hypopharynx, larynx, sinonasal tract, nasopharynx, salivary glands and thyroid with squamous cell cancer accounting for more than 90% of the histological types. Tobacco and alcohol traditionally have been associated with increased risk of developing HNSCC but more recently studies have implicated human papilloma viruses (HPV) especially type 16 in development of HNSCCs especially those of the oropharynx. Furthermore, patients with immune deficiencies as may be seen in diseases like HIV infection has been shown to be at higher risk of developing HNSCC as compared to others and these have lead to studies on the roles of immune system in development of HNC. There are different traditional treatment modalities for HNC ranging from surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, a combination of any of the modalities sequentially or concurrently. These treatment modalities are associated with significant toxicity and low survivability thus directional change towards newer treatment modalities such as immunotherapy. The concept of immunotherapy in management of cancers was based on the assumption of tumours cells being recognized as foreign rather than as self thus they will be attacked by an activated immune system. The expression of microbial proteins, mutated proteins, and fusion proteins by the tumour cells makes them a target of the body immune defense systems. The body has immune surveillance system in which developing cancer cells are detected and eliminated before they mature. The immune surveillance includes the human leucocyte antigen (HLA) mediate T-lymphocytes and the natural killer cells (NK-cells). These cells with others are responsible for elimination of tumour cells thus halting cancer progression. However, head and neck cancers cells evade the body immune surveillance via their immunogenicity alterations, immune suppressor mediators' production and immune modulators cell types promotion. Squamous cell cancers of head and neck regions usually are immunosuppressive with patients having impaired natural killer (NK) –cell activity and tumorinfiltrating T lymphocytes as well as poor antigen-presenting function as compared to healthy individuals. They are also associated with Tregs cells which secrete suppressive cytokines such as TGF-β and IL-10, express cytotoxic T lymphocyte–associated protein 4 (CTLA-4).