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A Brief Review of Immunosenescence Aging and the Decline of Immune Function

Chuying Chen

Immunosenescence refers to the age-related deterioration of the immune system, which leads to a decline in immune function and an increased susceptibility to infections, autoimmune diseases, and malignancies. This review provides a brief overview of immunosenescence, highlighting the key mechanisms involved and the consequences for overall health in the elderly population. The immune system undergoes numerous changes during the aging process, including alterations in both innate and adaptive immunity. These changes involve structural and functional modifications in immune cells, such as reduced production of naive T cells, impaired antigen presentation, and dysregulation of cytokine signaling. Additionally, chronic low-grade inflammation, known as inflammaging, is a characteristic feature of immunosenescence, further exacerbating immune dysfunction. The decline in immune function associated with immunosenescence has profound implications for health in older individuals. Age-related immune dysfunction contributes to an increased susceptibility to infectious diseases, including respiratory tract infections, influenza, and pneumonia. Moreover, the incidence and severity of autoimmune disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus, are higher in the elderly population. Additionally, the decline in immune surveillance leads to an elevated risk of developing malignancies and reduced efficacy of vaccination.